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Increasing Dengue Cases in Puerto Rico: An Unprecedented Surge Fueled by Climate Change

SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico — The curly-haired girl came to the emergency room with fever, aches and signs of dehydration, common indications of many childhood illnesses. But the 9-year-old — pale and listless beneath her Pokémon blanket — looked sicker than most children and exhibited no respiratory symptoms. She could only whimper as a pediatrician stroked her hair and softly questioned her in Spanish.

The sharp-eyed doctor suspected dengue, a disease that is often missed but is now exploding around the world.

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Moreover, The girl, Genesis Polanco Marte, is among a record 10 million people who have fallen ill with dengue so far this year — an unprecedented surge that scientists say is fueled in part by climate change. Soaring global temperatures have accelerated the life cycles and expanded the ranges of the mosquitoes that carry dengue, helping spread the virus to roughly one in every 800 people on the planet in the past six months alone. An influx of patients has overwhelmed hospitals from Brazil to Bangladesh, recalling the worst days of the coronavirus pandemic. Puerto Rico declared a public health emergency this spring, with more dengue cases reported in the first five months of 2024 than all of last year. Public health officials are bracing for the virus to crop up in more temperate regions, including the southernmost portions of the United States.

“The storm’s comin’, folks,” Grayson Brown, executive director of the nonprofit Puerto Rico Vector Control Unit, advised a group of California officials in a recent webinar. “It’s here in Puerto Rico, but you guys are going to feel it pretty soon.”

Last week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned of an increased risk of dengue infections in the United States, urging clinicians to stay on alert for the disease when treating feverish patients who have traveled to places with dengue transmission.

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To combat the rising cases of dengue in Puerto Rico, efforts are being made to control the spread of the virus through mosquito-control initiatives. Mosquito-control technicians are actively monitoring and eliminating mosquito breeding grounds, while also educating the public on prevention measures such as using repellent and getting rid of standing water.

Additionally, awareness among clinicians regarding the symptoms and diagnosis of dengue is crucial for timely treatment and management. The CDC and Puerto Rico health department are providing training to healthcare professionals to recognize warning signs of severe dengue and appropriately diagnose and treat affected individuals.

By combining climate models with simulations of disease spread, researchers can forecast potential outbreaks and take proactive measures to mitigate the impact of dengue. Implementing strategies such as mosquito infection with bacteria and vaccination campaigns can help prevent the spread of the virus and protect vulnerable populations from severe illness and complications.

In conclusion, addressing the challenges posed by the rising temperatures and increasing dengue cases requires a coordinated effort from healthcare providers, public health officials, and community members. By working together to implement preventive measures, raise awareness, and enhance diagnostic capabilities, we can effectively combat the spread of dengue and protect the health and well-being of individuals globally.

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