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## How Brainy was Tyrannosaurus Rex?

Last year, neuroscientist Suzana Herculano-Houzel calculated that the iconic dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex, had 3.3 billion neurons in just one part of its forebrain, putting it on par with modern baboons. However, a more conservative estimate by Cristián-Gutiérrez-Ibáñez and colleagues suggests a neuron count closer to 360 million, similar to modern crocodiles.

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## Calculations and Controversies

The challenges in estimating neuron counts in dinosaurs arise from variations in neuron density between animals and the lack of well-preserved brain cells in the fossil record. Deciding whether to use the neuron densities of birds, reptiles, or a combination of both for extinct theropods like Tyrannosaurus rex is a crucial decision.

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## Debates and Conclusions

Herculano-Houzel’s study utilized the brain-body ratios of ancient bird families to estimate the neuron count in Tyrannosaurus rex, assuming a bird-like brain occupying the whole braincase. However, Gutiérrez-Ibáñez’s team revised the estimates by considering a smaller brain volume typical of modern crocodiles, leading to lower neuron counts.

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## Reassessing Neuron Counts

Gutiérrez-Ibáñez and colleagues reduced Tyrannosaurus rex’s estimated neuron count by recalculating brain size and using reptile neuron density, contradicting Herculano-Houzel’s findings. This discrepancy stems from varying assumptions about body-to-brain ratios and the inclusion of distantly related bird species in the analysis.

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## Understanding Brainpower and Functionality

The debate on Tyrannosaurus rex’s neuron count does not necessarily reflect its overall brainpower. Evolutionary biologist Amy Balanoff notes that neuronal density may have served specific functions like movement or sensory processing, such as olfactory information processing in the dinosaur’s forebrain.

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In conclusion, while the debate on Tyrannosaurus rex’s intelligence continues, the exchange of scientific data and differing viewpoints is essential for advancing our understanding of dinosaur neurology and cognitive capabilities.

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