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## Evolution of Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence — an organism’s ability to emit visible light — first evolved on earth 540 million years ago in a group of marine invertebrates. These findings push back the previously established evolutionary timeline for the phenomenon by nearly 300 million years.

“Our findings support bioluminescence, and light signaling in general, as one of the earliest forms of communication on earth,” said Andrea Quattrini, a researcher and the curator of corals at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), in an email to Advanced Science News.

“Because this trait is commonly found in deep-water corals, the ability to bioluminesce likely enabled successful diversification throughout the sunlight-limited deep sea.”

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## A Common Thread in Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence, created by a chemical reaction, can be used to find or attract food, mates, or avoid predatory attacks. The spectacle has been observed in several hundred species many of which are marine.

While in numerous cases bioluminescence has been conserved and passed down through related species, it has also evolved independently more than a 100 times. But why this ability has evolved time and again, and when it first appeared, has been foggy to say the least.

Its persistence, however, in species through millions of years implies it was a key trait for survival. Previous research had dated the first appearance of this trait to 267 million years ago in seed shrimp.

Quattrini and Danielle DeLeo, also a researcher at NMNH, and their colleagues focused their study on the emergence of bioluminescence in octocorals. Many species of octocorals, an ancient group including soft corals, sea pens, and sea fans, have been found to be bioluminescent.

In 2022, Quattrini and Catherine McFadden, a researcher at Harvey Mudd College and an author on the new study, had previously developed a detailed phylogenetic tree of octocorals, including 185 coral species.

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