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Days of contentious wrangling in Dubai at the United NationsÔÇÖ 28th annual climate summit ended December 13 with a historic agreement to ÔÇ£transition awayÔÇØ from fossil fuels and accelerate climate action over the next decade. The organization touted the agreement as a moment of global solidarity, marking ÔÇ£the beginning of the endÔÇØ of the fossil fuel era.

But the final agreement reached at COP28, signed by nearly 200 nations, did not include language that explicitly mandated phasing out fossil fuel energy, deeply frustrating many nations as well as climate scientists and activists.

The agreement is considered the worldÔÇÖs first ÔÇ£global stocktake,ÔÇØ an inventory of climate actions and progress made since the 2015 Paris Agreement to limit global warming to ÔÇ£well belowÔÇØ 2 degrees Celsius above the preindustrial average (SN: 12/12/15). It acknowledges the conclusions of scientific research that greenhouse gas emissions will need to be cut by 43 percent by 2030 compared with 2019 levels, in order to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. It then calls on nations to speed up climate actions before 2030 so as to reach global net zero by 2050 ÔÇö in which greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere are balanced by their removal from the atmosphere. Among the actions called for are increasing global renewable energy generation, phasing down coal power and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies.

But among many scientists gathered in San Francisco at the American Geophysical UnionÔÇÖs annual meeting to discuss climate changeÔÇÖs impacts to EarthÔÇÖs atmosphere, polar regions, oceans, and biosphere, the reaction to the language in the agreement was more frustrated than celebratory.

ÔÇ£The beginning of the end? I wish it was the middle of the end,ÔÇØ says climate scientist Luke Parsons of the Nature Conservancy, who is based in Durham, N.C. ÔÇ£But you have to start somewhere, I guess.ÔÇØ

It is a step forward, says Ted Scambos, a glaciologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. ÔÇ£Saying it out loud, that we are aiming to phase out fossil fuels, is huge.ÔÇØ

Its not a moment too soon: The globe is already experiencing many climate changelinked extreme weather events, including the hottest 12 months ever recorded (SN: 11/9/23). Still, Scambos says, its a tribute to the science and the negotiators that we can take this step now, before the disastrous global impacts truly get underway. But, he added, I fear that the pace [of future climate action] will  still be driven by impacts arriving at our collective doors.

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